The Twentieth Century Saw a Major Increase in the World Free Essays

The twentieth century saw a major increase in the world’s population. Yet large parts of the globe remain uninhabitable, so people are drawn towards living in existing towns and cities. A result our modern day cities face a number of serious problems which are due to overcrowding. We will write a custom essay sample on The Twentieth Century Saw a Major Increase in the World or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cities teeming with people are put under great strain to supply housing, healthcare, education, jobs and a certain quality of life for the inhabitants. The consequence of too dense a population is that one or all of these areas must suffer. Owing to being over-peopled, Britain’s main cities all have a number of people living on the streets. Life must be extremely hard for these people and one effect of such a lifestyle is that drug abuse and crime rates rise. Cities are environmentally unfriendly places. This is because light, heat, travel and food must all be supplied artificially as one is removed from nature. Hence, the greater the population, the more natural resources are burnt up and, consequently, the more pollution is created. A city crowded with people leads to roads crawling with cars. The effect of the consequent levels of carbon monoxide in the air is said to, in cities as crowded as Mexico City, be equivalent to smoking twenty cigarettes a day. Living in a city, therefore, forces us to be part of an unhealthy consumer throwaway society, which creates illness and environmental crisis, rather than curing it. It is the Government’s responsibility to find solutions for these problems. As a result a lot of taxpayer’s money is spent on trying to keep the effects of overcrowding under control. More housing is built, more roads are planned. This tactic might alleviate some systematic problems at high cost. However, it will never solve the problem of overpopulation. For this reason, we must look to the cause of the problem, which is simply an unchecked epidemic of people. Thus, governments must educate people to limit the size of their family. In China, couples are penalize;, ed financially as a consequence of having more than one child. This may seem cruel, but the â€Å"one-child policy† is beginning to have an effect on the world’s most populous nation. Similar such policies may also be necessary in other overcrowded nations and this, in turn, would eventually result in solving the problem of overcrowding in cities. How to cite The Twentieth Century Saw a Major Increase in the World, Papers

The Analysis of Peer Review

Question: Write an essay on the analysis of peer review. Answer: The purpose of this review is to critically analyze a chosen peer reviewed article to determine the objectivity and clarity of the article regarding the topic. The system of evidence-based review is dependent on the facts that are presented in one particular research, the review then continues to judge if the article is objective towards the topic based on the evidence that makes it feasible. According to Yuan, Henry and Peck (2010) the process is a tool that helps the researcher to judge if the article is helpful as a source of information and if there are any benefits of the research. Therefore, this review is about a chosen article and its various parts that are analysed separately to test their functionality and overall role in the research (Abramovitz, 2004). In this systematic review, the whole article and its references and sources are checked and every part of the article is measured to ensure that the article is succinct and relevant in the overall scheme of medical research . Title of the article The title of an article needs to be precise and brief but capable of outlining the purpose and the scope of the research (anon, 2012). In the case of this article named Physical Environmental Correlates of Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review by Genevieve Fridlund Dunton, Jesse Kaplan, Jennifer Wolch, Michael Jerrett, and Kim D. Reynolds which is chosen for the review all those criteria are fulfilled as the title clearly indicates the purpose and scope of the research. Abstract of the article In the abstract of the article by Dunton et al, the reasons behind the research are given in concise terms and are clear in the reasons behind the study as it is hard to determine what factors of the environment affect the obesity of children and adolescents (Barbour, 2011). It is also made clear that the cross sectional studies after 2005 which revealed many a facts in this matter are incomplete and incapable in helping the determination of the fact whether the physical or psychological environment is responsible for the obesity. The role of the research is made clear but it is not clarified why the researcher though this particular study was important or if there were any facts to indicate the obesity in children in many locations of the world are caused by the same factors. So, the span of the study and applicably of the discovered information is not made clear in the research (Blades, 2005). The abstract might be informative and a clear indication of the research approach and the steps taken to uncover the information but it does not fully disclose the scope of the research. In fact, there is no indication if the researcher actually considered the possibility of different factor having different effects on the youth across the world. The different role of the environment has on the obesity of the children and the different factors and their influence on the research subjects that include the neighbourhood and the economic condition are given so the abstract of the article is appropriate (Creswell, 2003). Introduction of the article In the introduction of the article by Dunton et al, the problem and the cause of the problem that is the propensity for childhood obesity has been given along with supporting data to ensure that the facts given are not subjected to speculation. This point helps identify the growing concern of the health care professionals in the introduction and clearly outlines the importance of the study. The factor of the influence of the environment on the obesity and the reasons behind the obesity is discussed in the point that helps put more emphasis on the importance of the study (Dillon, 2007). Next, the introduction points out the effects of obesity in the children and the health complications that might arise from the obesity are given which further strengthens the point of importance and need of the research. This part is the indication of the though the researcher has given behind the choosing of an article. There is some weakness in the reasoning as the introduction is the first part of the literature and if one is not acquainted with the terms the different physical effects of obesity and their importance might not be clear as the importance and the physical consequences of the effects that are caused by the obesity is not given in detail. The introduction also provides a brief description of the studies conducted and the information uncovered by them. This along with the proof of relation between the obesity and the environment is indicative of the justification of the research. The study conducted follows the same pattern and indicates that the built environment might have an effect on the obesity of children. In the last paragraph the obesity related outcomes that are affected by the environment are outline and the details regarding the research is given (Haslam Witterst, 2009). This is also an important part of any research as this should be a part of any standard introduction that begins with the cause of the research and goes into the process that is follow ed by the researcher and the significance of the research. Therefore, it can be said that the introduction is quite complete and clearly states the context of the research. The what question is answered by the research and the introduction successfully introduces the beginning of the research. Methods used in the article The quantitative research methods that has been done in the study by Dunton et al, used literature searches in the research and the information collected from the sources pubmed, psychinfo etc are clarified so the viability of the information sources and the search methods used are verified. The keywords that indicated the search results were about the environment whether it was built or perceived. The clarity of the literature searches and the relevance is made clear by the statements so it is proper and feasible (Knapp, 1998). This is also above doubt that the veracity and relevance of the literature used as sources are accurate. The inclusion exclusion criteria of the information found were also given which indicated the relevance of the topic to the research and the proof that the objectivity of the research was maintained. Even if the inclusion exclusion criteria were given the reasons behind the choice of the criteria were not given which becomes a drawback as although the criteria seem relevant their significance in the research might differ. The data analysis portion of the method also quite clear and the initial method of meta analysis is abandoned. This part is also extremely informative as the reason behind abandoning the Meta analysis and choosing semi quantitative systematic review was clearly given, which makes the research approach much easier to understand (Metcalf Metcalf, 2008). If the reasons of choosing the new approach were not given then the data analysis would have been unclear. The categorization of the built and biophysical environments was discussed in the research and the causes were depicted in tables to make them more understandable. The basis of the analysis was given as Lynchs lexicon of urban form elements. The scale of the built and perceived environment was used to divide the elements and then further sub divide them (Neuman, 1997). This categorization was necessary to ensure that the research was subjective and the effect of the environment on the obesity of the children was made clear. This background of the categorization further helped increase the understanding behind the research and the objective of the research and the goal. Therefore, the determining of the effect of the environment on the physical activity patterns of the children and adolescents was helped by the classification and it helped in making sense of the patterns observed in the research (Stunkard, 1980). The coding associations of the research are also explained in the last section of the methods portion that helps in the understanding of the theme and patterns of the results so the part is valuable. It can be said the methods part of the research is detailed and to the point and many extra steps were taken to ensure that full understanding of the reader. Therefore, the methods part is properly explained so the understanding of the steps of the systematic review becomes easier (Wolin Petrelli, 2009). The attention to details is also an important part as it goes along way into explaining the steps taken in the research. Results of the article The results of the research by Dunton et al, are clearly defined and divided in the different sections, which affect the correlates of the environment with the physical activity pattern that are significantly different in case of children and adolescents. The general characteristic of studies are given to increase the understanding of the results and the way the results were organized. The details of the studies that met the inclusion criteria and specific details about how many of the studies were about children and adolescents were specified to ensure that and equal importance were given to both faction relating to the research. Discussion of the article The discussion of the article by Dunton et al, is based on the results that indicate the relations between the environment and the obesity that is on other hand dependent on the physical activity patterns. The discussion is clear and concise and clearly indicates the result and the implications of the result that is uncovered from the literature searches. The empirical evidence or lack thereof is justified by stating the need of more study to examine to which extent the effect is functional. The discussion is clear and written with the facts uncovered by the study and the where the results of the study is unable to explain then the reason behind them are clarified along with the possibilities that might be uncovered by the future researches on the topic. The implication of the study as the results are discussed means that the researcher is practical and realises the limitations of the research. The use of objective and subjective data related to the physical environments is clear so the results of future studies can be made comparable. This concern for the methodology and comparability of the future studies indicate the practical implications and limitations of the study. The future scope of the research in establishing more relations between the obesity and the environment is also made clear which might help the future researchers to judge the relations in similar studies. The limitation of the review due to the small number of studies available is also mentioned in the discussions. The reason behind not providing and numerical estimate for the study and only providing a descriptive summery of the findings is also given. This is a significant consideration of the researchers because otherwise it might have been confusing. Therefore, the discussion section is comprehensive and helpful in the understanding of the research as the important information for the future researchers is marked. In the conclusion of the article by Dunton et al, the importance of the research topic and the significance of the results are given. The use of the results to form policies and interventions to eradicate the problem are also clearly indicated so the reason behind the study is given. the future research scope and importance of the future studies and where they will be most useful is indicated. To be critical it is unclear from the conclusion what the actual results indicate so the conclusion does not summarise the findings but concentrates on what could not be found. So this clearly limits the functionality of the conclusion. References of the article The reference list provided in the systematic review by Dunton et al, is complete with in texting and are accurate. Conclusion The critical analysis of the research by Dunton et al, indicates the importance of the topic and the scale of the problem. The research is critically analysed to indicate the significant parts of the study and their importance in the overall scope of the topic. The shortcomings of the research literature are also mentioned along with the implications of the shortcomings. Therefore, the review is complete and indicative of the quality of the research. References Abramovitz, M. (2004).Obesity. San Diego, Calif.: Lucent Books. anon,. (2012). Research-on-Research: Research-on-Research Reports.Rtm,55(6). https://dx.doi.org/10.5437/08956308x5506906 Barbour, S. (2011).Obesity. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. Blades, M. (2005).Obesity. Bradford, England: Emerald Group Pub. Creswell, J. (2003).Research design. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Dillon, E. (2007).Obesity. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. Ferre, F. (1992). Quantitative or semi-quantitative PCR: reality versus myth.Genome Research,2(1), 1-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.2.1.1 Haslam, D. Witterst, G. (2009).Obesity. Abingdon: Health Press. Kelly, E. (2006).Obesity. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. Knapp, T. (1998).Quantitative nursing research. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Metcalf, T. Metcalf, G. (2008).Obesity. Detroit: Thomson / Gale. Neuman, W. (1997).Social research methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Porte, G. (2002).Appraising research in second language learning. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Punch, K. (1998).Introduction to social research. London: SAGE Publications. Quantitative research. (2010). [Place of publication not identified]. Stunkard, A. (1980).Obesity. Philadelphia: Saunders. Wolin, K. Petrelli, J. (2009).Obesity. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press. Yuan, L., Henry, B., Peck, S. (2010).Evidence review. [Victoria, B.C.]: Population and Public Health, BC Ministry of Healthy Living and Sport.

Literary Nationalism free essay sample

An examination of the debate over American literary nationalism which began in the early nineteenth century. This essay examines the main issues that were involved in the contentious debate over American literary nationalism at the beginning of the 19th century in the United States. The English critic Sidney Smiths biting comment Who reads an American book? is discussed, in terms of how it continued, and helped perpetuate, the debate about American literary nationalism. Further, this essay outlines how Washington Irvings tales in The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon helped to fulfill the need for a unique, American literature that was noted by the Englishman Sidney Smith. There were several main issues that fired the contentious debate over American literary nationalism at the beginning of the 19th century, in the United States. The debate surrounded the apparent inability of American authors to produce quality literature. Certainly, America had received its political independence from Britain long before the 19th century, but in terms of art and literature, America had failed to produce works that were equal (of better) in quality to those produced in Great Britain. We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Nationalism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Certainly, and most importantly, the major point of this debate was that there was no clearly unique style of American literature. Equally important was the perception that the American literature produced was inferior in quality to that produced by British authors (Early). Interestingly, this inability to produce quality literature was reflected in the lacklustre sense of American cultural identity. In Adventures in American Literature: Classic Edition, James Early suggests that a strong sense of American cultural identity needed to be rooted in a significant national literature.

Understanding What Zai Na Li Means in English

Understanding What Zai Na Li Means in English The Mandarin question word for where† is Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ¨ £ ¡, written in the traditional form, or Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ©â€¡Å', written in simplified form. The pinyin is zi nÇŽ li. This term is particularly useful to know if you are traveling in China and want to learn or ask about new locations to explore.   Characters The term for where is made up of three characters: Ã¥Å" ¨ (zi)  which means located at, and the two characters å“ ªÃ¨ £ ¡ / å“ ªÃ©â€¡Å' (nÇŽ li) which put together means where. Combined, Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ¨ £ ¡ / Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ©â€¡Å' (zi nÇŽ li) literally means, â€Å"Where is it located?† The term å“ ªÃ¨ £ ¡ / å“ ªÃ©â€¡Å'  (nÇŽ li) is sometimes used by itself as a single-word question. Pronunciation With regards to tone marks, Ã¥Å" ¨ (zi) is in the 4th tone and å“ ª (nÇŽ) is in the 3rd tone. è £ ¡ / é‡Å' is usually pronounced in the 3rd tone (lÇ ) but when used as a question word for where it takes on an unaccented  neutral tone (li). Thus, in terms of tones, Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ¨ £ ¡ / Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ©â€¡Å' can also be referred to as zai na li. Examples WÇ’ de shÃ… « zi nÇŽ li?我的æ› ¸Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ¨ £ ¡? (traditional form)我的ä ¹ ¦Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ©â€¡Å'? (simplified form)Where is my book? WÇ’ men zi nÇŽ li jin?我們åÅ" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ¨ £ ¡Ã¨ ¦â€¹?我ä » ¬Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ©â€¡Å'è § ?Where are we going to meet? Yà ºnnn shÄ›ng zi nÇŽ li?é› ²Ã¥ â€"çÅ" Ã¥â€œ ªÃ¨ £ ¡Ã¤ ºâ€˜Ã¥ â€"çÅ" Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ©â€¡Å'?Where is Yunnan province? ShnghÇŽi zi nÇŽ li?ä ¸Å Ã¦ µ ·Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ¨ £ ¡?ä ¸Å Ã¦ µ ·Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€œ ªÃ©â€¡Å'Where is Shanghai? NÇ  yo qà ¹ nÇŽlÇ  lÇšxà ­ng?ä ½  Ã¨ ¦ Ã¥Å½ »Ã¥â€œ ªÃ¨ £ ¡Ã¦â€"…è ¡Å'ä ½  Ã¨ ¦ Ã¥Å½ »Ã¥â€œ ªÃ©â€¡Å'æâ€"…è ¡Å'Where do you want to travel?

Digital marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Digital marketing - Essay Example Consequently, some people may be using one or two of the media but not all and the integration will ensure communication to a wider customer base. Statistics supports difference in the audience’s preference for the social media with Facebook being the most popular, among the three, followed by Twitter and then Instagram (Boutelle 2014, n.p.). Differentiated features of the three social media and effects of diversity on effectiveness of communication is another reason for our integration. While Instagram is effective in visual communication and Twitter is effective in short-term communications with ability to allow people to follow posts, and Facebook offers a networking forum and connects the audience through communication posts. The differences meet diversity needs to ensure effective communication to the wide target population. Reinforcing information, on those who use more than one of the media also facilitate effective communication through capturing attention, desire, and interest of the target audience (Boutelle 2014, n.p.; Ferrell and Hartline 2010, p. 294). Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are some of the applicable social media for marketing. We have decided to integrate the three media in order to expand our audience base and facilitate effectiveness of our

Utilitarian versus Retributivist Views Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Utilitarian versus Retributivist Views - Essay Example The essence, focal points, main ideas and the merits of these two main theories are therefore to be discussed forthwith, in the ensuing discourse. Primarily, utilitarianism places focus on the consequences of the punishment, while retributivism is concerned with the retributive justice which is associated with the infliction of harm on the transgressor. Ideas Used In Utilitarian or Retributivist Theories Given that that utilitarianism is both a theory of punishment and ethics, it mainly takes on a consequentialist nature, because of its particular focus on the consequences of actions that have been executed by a particular group or an individual. Because of this, the moral theoretical standpoint of utilitarianism is that the balance of good and bad in a given action generates either good or bad. Under the principle of the greatest good for the greatest number, pain stems from the bad, while pleasure, from the good. Because of this, pain and pleasure are taken by utilitarians as the y ardsticks for values in a utilitarian system. The import of this is that utilitarians deem punishment as being evil in itself, or intrinsically evil. The evil that utilitarians see in the infliction of punishment is premised on the assumption that punishment heralds suffering or unhappiness. Utilitarians hold it that despite the negative connotations of punishment, yet its consequences can be positive, and hence, justifiable (Ewing, 1927). On the converse, retributionists see punishment as being intrinsically good. In fact, so convinced are retributionists about the goodness of punishment that that they assert that even if it appears that nothing beneficial will come from the meting out of punishment, yet it is expedient. This is to the extent that Emmanuel Kant waxes polemical that even if the end of the world should be imminent, yet the need to execute the last murder convict in prison is still indispensible. To retributivism, the meting out of punishment is intrinsically good sin ce: it is needful for the dispensation of justice; it allows people the chance to be treated in the manner that they deserve; and it allows people to treat one another with utmost respect, as autonomous agents, given that their choices and actions determine how they will be treated, in turn. In this case, there is justification of punishment since it is premised on a rational individual’s action. To utilitarians, the retributional approach to punishment and justification is unfavorable since it only increases the extent of suffering in the world, instead of abating it. Again, utilitarians posit that by vouching for the meting out of punishment, instead of reducing the suffering of this world, retributionists compound them, without making any reimbursements for them. Because of this, the retributionist approach does not move the world towards utmost happiness (the greatest pleasure for the greatest number), but away from it. The gravity of this is that utilitarianism takes awa y from the justification of punishment, given that punishment imposes suffering (Leo, 2006). Instead, for the utilitarians, the justification

Floating a private company Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Floating a private company Assignment - Essay Example The pros and cons of this action involve alternative invest market, which holds the association of a high power that allows companies to have an opinion in tailoring of rules especially to those that have less accountancy history. However, there could be a possibility of lack of competence that is based on high substantive uncertainty especially with regard to incomplete information. London stock exchange gives an opportunity for the market to be open –ended. Nevertheless, it is argued that forth coming profit can be misused by the stalk holders. Floating any company provides a public price for its shares and an institutional market for trading especially its shares thereby granting ease with which a security can be traded on the market (Neale and Pike 2009). The principal factor considered when floating a company is to raise capital. Putting Tenpin in the market through floating means that the public is in a position to buy and have shares with the company (Arnett 2011). There are several practices and procedures that are required by Tenpin in order to gain authorization to float. This has emerged from the board of directors; the Ball family decisions based on the fact that they had been denied by their bankers. Due to this, the company has opted for a place in the main market of the London Stock Exchange. First and foremost, is that floating in UK dictates that a company must get authorization from the UK Securities Commission in order to make a public order (Becket 2012). In essence, the company must be able to abide by the legal and regulatory standards that have been set for public limited companies which involve a minimum share capital of  £50,000 where by a quarter of the money must be paid before commencing of the stock exchange (Neale and Pike 2009). The company’s yearly financial reports must abide with those in the London Stock Exchange. Moreover, the company must comply with the rules and regulations of